Verb as Complement

About Gerund and Infinitive

Gerund (verb+ing) and infinitive (to+verb) are verbal which can serve as  noun. e problem is when to use gerund and when to use infinitive.

Application Gerund and Infinitive

Function	Example Sentences Gerund/Infinitive
Subject of Sentence	Both can be used as subject of a sentence.
	Walking on the beach may be fun.
	To walk on the beach may be fun.
Subject complement	Both can be used as subject complement, but gerund more general.
	My goal is winning the prize.
	My goal is to win the prize.
Direct object (object of verb)	Both can be used as direct object, but there is a provision in its use. Some verb just can use gerund, some use infinitive, and other can use both of it. More details below.
	The man likes climbing the mountain.
	The man likes to climb the mountain.
Object of Preposition	General Gerund become a object of a preposition. But in infinitive, just some preposition, such as: except and but there sometimes follows by infinitive.
	The woman read a book about cooking.
	You have no other option but to negotiate with you manager.

Verb yang Diikuti Gerund/Infinitive

Some verb just can use gerund, some use infinitive, and some others use both with the same or different meaning. The explanation below.

Condition	Verb	Example Gerund/Infinitive
Follows by infinitive
Without additional agent	agree, appear, begin, care, choose, continue, decide, forget, happen, get, hate, learn, hope, like, love, plan, prefer, refuse, seem, start, try, wait, etc	She forgot to come.
Need additional agent	advise, allow, choose, get, help, invite, teach, tell, etc	I told him to callyou.
Can be added agent (optional)	ask, beg, expect, need, prepare, promise, want, etc	I need to knowthe correct answers.
		I need you to know the correct answers.
Without “to”	feel, have, hear, help, watch, see, etc	She heard youpass the exam.
Follows by gerund
Without additional agent	acknowledge, advise, appreaciate, avoid, begin, consider, continue, deny, discuss, dislike, enjoy, finish, forget, hate, (cannot) help, prefer, recommend, regret, remember, start, stop, teach, understand, etc	She enjoysdancing.
Need additional agent	hear, watch, see, etc	I saw youthrowing the food.
Diikuti gerund/infinitive
Without different meaning	begin, continue, hate, like, love, prefer, start, etc	I continuestudying.
		I continue to study.
With different meaning	forget, remember, stop, etc	She stoppedeating chocolate. (Dia berhenti makan coklat)
		She stopped to eat chocolate. [Dia berhenti (melakukan kegiatan lain) untuk makan coklat]

Definition Of Prepositional Verb

Prepositional verb is a verb (verb) the result of a combination of verb and preposition (foreground). This verb signifies an idiom, so it may be difficult to guess from its constituent words.

Prepositional Verb = Verb + Preposition

The verb is always transitive (followed by a direct object) where the object is placed after the preposition.

Example Sentences of Prepositional Verb

Prepositional Verb	Meaning	Exampple Sentences Prepositional Verb
believe in	percaya pada	I learned to believe in myself. (Saya belajar untuk percaya pada diri sendiri)
break into	interrupt (mengganggu)	No one can break into their relationship. (Tak seorangpun dapat menggangu hubungan mereka.)
care about	peduli tentang	She doesn’t really care about her reputation. (Dia tidak terlalu peduli terhadap reputasinya.)
care for	peduli kepada	You should care for your pet. (Kamu seharusnya peduli kepada binatang peliharaanmu.)
decide on	choose (memilih (berdasarkan pertimbangan))	How do you decide on multiple job offers? (Bagaimana kamu memilih banyak tawaran kerja?)
get over	recover from (pulih dari)	He has got over the divorce. (Dia telah pulih dari perceraian.)
look after	take care of (merawat)	I will look after your garden when you are in abroad. (Saya akan merawat tamanmu ketika kamu di luar negeri.)
look at	examine (memeriksa)	The dentist will not only look at your teeth, but also ask about your medical history. (Dokter gigi tidak hanya akan memeriksa  gigimu tapi juga menanyakan riwayat pengobatanmu.)
look into	investigate (menyelidiki)	The sheriff has looked into the murder case. (Sheriff tsb telah menyelidiki kasus pembunuhan tsb.)
look up	search (mencari)	You can look up the meaning of the words in my dictionary. (Kamu dapat mencari makna kata-kata tersebut di kamus saya.)
stare at	notice (memperhatikan)	She hung the mirror on her wall and stepped back to stare at her reflection in it. (Dia menggantung cermin dan mundur untuk menatap bayangannya.)
talk about	discuss (membicarakan)	We just talked about whether we would come to the interview or not. (Kami baru saja membicarakan tentang akan datang ke wawancara tersebut atau tidak.)

 

Adjective with Preposition

Adjective (adjective) is used to describe a person or something.

He is angry. (Dia marah.)

In addition to the simple use of the adjective as in the example above, there is also a more complex use by combining it with preposition which serves to connect it to an object. Combinations and prepositions in sentences are used to make statements about one's attitudes or feelings toward something.

He is angry with me. (Dia marah pada saya.)

Not all adjectives have a preposition "pair" and there are partial adjectives that can use some preposition. Unfortunately there is no special pattern to form such a combination. We just need to find and remember it.

Example of Adjective + Preposition

Here are some common adjectives and prepositions.

Preposition + Adjective	Example Sentences Preposition + Adjective
about
·         angry ·         annoyed ·         excited ·         guilty ·         sorry ·         worried	The student was worried about his exam results. (Siswa tersebut khawatir tentang hasil ujiannya.)
	I’m really sorry about forcing you to come. (Saya benar-benar minta maaf memaksamu untuk datang.)
at
·         amazed ·         bad ·         brilliant ·         excellent ·         good ·         hopeless ·         useless	He is very good at compiling statistics. (Dia sangat baik dalam menghimpun data statistik.)
	She said that she was hopeless at Math. (Dia bilang dia menyerah pada matematika.)
at/by (same meaning/related)
·         amazed ·         shocked ·         surprised	Honestly, I was surprised by his apology. (Sejujurnya saya terkejut dengan permintaan maafnya.)
for
·         bad ·         difficult ·         eager ·         easy ·         famous	·         good ·         hard ·         impossible ·         necessary ·         possible	·         qualified ·         ready ·         responsible ·         sorry ·         suitable
I think you are qualified for the position. (Saya pikir kamu cocok untuk posisi tersebut.)
from
different	He is totally different from me. (Dia berbeda total dengan saya.)
in
interested	She has no idea how to get her son interested in reading. (Dia tidak punya ide bagaimana membuat anaknya tertarik membaca.)
of
·         ashamed ·         aware ·         capable ·         certain ·         clever ·         conscious ·         envious ·         fond ·         frightened ·         full	·         generous ·         good ·         incapable ·         intelligent ·         jealous ·         kind ·         mean ·         nice ·         polite ·         proud	·         scared ·         sensible ·         sick ·         silly ·         sort ·         stupid ·         sure ·         tired ·         unreasonable
You must be aware of your surroundings when driving. (Kamu harus sadar pada sekeliling ketika sedang mengemudi.)
on
·         based ·         keen	I prefer to see movies that are based on true stories. (Saya lebih suka menonton film-film yang berdasarkan kisah nyata.)
to
·         cruel ·         engaged ·         generous ·         good ·         identical ·         impolite	·         kind ·         married ·         mean ·         nice ·         opposed ·         related	·         responsible ·         rude ·         similar ·         unfriendly ·         unpleasant
The design of the building is similar to other buildings in the area. (Desain bangunan tersebut mirip dengan bangunan-bangunan lain di area tersebut.)
with
·         angry ·         annoyed ·         bored ·         crowded ·         delighted ·         disappointed ·         fed up ·         furious ·         pleased ·         satisfied	He has a lot of money, but he is not satisfied with his life. (Dia punya banyak uang tapi dia tidak puas dengan hidupnya.)
	He wouldn’t be angry with you if you told him the truth. (Dia tidak akan marah padamu jika kamu mengatakan yang sebenarnya.)

Combination Noun with Preposition

Many nouns (nouns), especially abstract noun, have preposition (foreground) that follow it. Preposition is then followed by an object (object of preposition) in the form of noun (noun) or phrase that serves as noun (eg, gerund phrase) form prepositional phrase.

In general, preposition is a connective word that serves to connect the object with other parts in the sentence. Thus, construction of noun + prepositional phrase (preposition + object of preposition) to indicate that noun is related to what (object of preposition).

Usually only one possibilitypreposition, but sometimes there are alternatives. Sometimes noun with the same meaning is connected by the same preposition. Since the selection of thepreposition used depends on the preceding noun, we may need to check the dictionary to find out which preposition is used for a noun.

Example Noun + Preposition

Preposition/Noun	Example Noun + Preposition
about
information	Where can I get information about anorexia nervosa? (Dimana saya dapat memperoleh informasi tentang anorexia nervosa?)
against
grudge	I won’t hold a grudge against them. (Saya tidak akan menyimpan dendam kepada mereka.)
at
·         age ·         anger ·         attempt ·         point	He doesn’t know how to control his anger at work. (Dia tidak tahu bagaimana cara mengontrol kemarahannya di tempat kerja.)
between
bond	We all know that the bond between a mother and her child is priceless. (Kita semua tahu bahwa ikatan antara seorang ibu dan anaknya tak ternilai.)
for
·         admiration ·         advertisement ·         bid ·         cure ·         demand	·         need ·         reason ·         recipe ·         respect ·         responsibility	·         room ·         search ·         thirst
You don’t have a good reason for leaving your current job. (Kamu tidak punya alasan yang bagus untuk meninggalkan pekerjaanmu saat ini.)
from
excerpt	How do you cite an excerpt from a book? (Bagaimana kamu mengutip suatu bagian kecil dari sebuah buku?)
in
·         belief ·         change ·         course	·         difference ·         experience ·         increase	·         interest ·         lesson ·         place
We’re looking for someone who has experience in project budgeting. (Kami sedang mencari orang yang punya pengalaman di penganggaran proyek.)
into
·         inquiry ·         investigation ·         research ·         translation	These pages need translation into English. (Halaman-halaman ini butuh penerjemahan ke dalam bahasa Inggris.)
of
·         address ·         awareness ·         cause ·         cost ·         danger ·         decrease ·         evidence ·         example	·         exhibition ·         experience ·         growth ·         increase ·         knowledge ·         lack ·         member ·         method	·         possibility ·         price ·         problem ·         risk ·         supply ·         use ·         way
She asked many questions about the use of the microwave oven before buying it. (Dia banyak mengajukan pertanyaan tentang penggunaan microwave oven tersebut sebelum membelinya.)
on
·         congratulations ·         hold ·         influence ·         information	These factors have a strong influence on employment opportunities. (Faktor-faktor ini mempunyai pengaruh yang kuat terhadap peluang kerja.)
over
·         authority ·         control	The woman had no self-control over eating. (Wanita tersebut dulunya tidak punya kontrol diri dalam hal makan.)
to
·         access ·         addiction ·         allusion ·         answer ·         approach ·         change ·         contribution	·          damage ·         devotion ·         invitation ·         newcomer ·         reaction ·         reference ·         relevance	·         reply ·         resistance ·         response ·         solution ·         threat ·         visit
It’s been two weeks and I still haven’t received a response to my complaint. (Sudah dua minggu dan saya masih belum menerima tanggapan terhadap keluhan saya.)
with
·         connection ·         dealings ·         difficulty ·         involvement ·         meeting ·         sympathy	He may have a difficulty with performing mental calculations. (Dia mungkin mempunyai kesulitan dalam melakukan perhitungan mental.)

Adjective + Infinitive: shows feeling and reaction

Infinitive (to + verb) sometimes follows some adjectives or participial adjectives. The structure is usually to express feelings and reactions to someone / something or to give an opinion. Here are some adjectives that infinitive can follow:

Feeling	Opinion
·         afraid ·         amazed ·         bound ·         certain ·         disappointed ·         excited ·         glad ·         sad ·         happy ·         anxious ·         pleased ·         sad ·         shocked ·         surprised ·         proud ·         unhappy ·         upset	·         difficult ·         easy ·         hard ·         impossible ·         possible ·         right ·         wrong

Example Sentences of Adjective + Infinitive

No	Example Sentences Adjective + Infinitive
1	If you have any questions, I will be happy to answer them. (Jika kamu punya pertanyaan, saya akan dengan senang hati menjawabnya.)
2	We were surprised to see you tonight. (Kami takjub melihatmu semalam.)
3	Your boss was upset to hear that you were leaving the company. (Bos kamu kecewa mendengar bahwa kamu akan meninggalkan perusahaan.)
4	It’s sad to find out that the amusement park has been closed permanently. (Sedih mendapati bahwa taman hiburan tersebut telah ditutup secara permanen.)
5	I’m so proud to be part of this team. (Saya sangat bangga menjadi bagian dari tim ini.)
6	It’s impossible to pass the test without studying. (Tidak mungkin lulus tes tersebut tanpa belajar.)

Source: www.wordsmile.com (already translated)