SUBJECT, VERB, COMPLEMENT & MODIFIER

Subject Complement 

Subject complement can be divided into predicative adjective (subjects connected with adjective), and predicate nominative (subjects connected with noun atau pronoun). 

Subject complement  example:

Subject Complement Example	Information
Mr. Mamat was a great headmaster. (Mr. Mamat adalah kepala sekolah yang hebat.)	·         headmaster (predicate noun) = explain the subject (Mr. Mamat) ·         a, great = modifier which explain headmaster ·         a great headmaster = noun phrase
That lady is very beautiful. (Wanita itu sangat cantik.)	·         beautiful (predicate adjective) = explain the subject (lady) ·         very = modifier which explain beautiful ·         that lady = noun phrase
These are yours. (Ini milikmu.)	·         yours (predicate pronoun) = explain the subject (this) ·         these = demonstrative pronoun
The noodle tasted delicious. (Mie tsb terasa lezat.)	·         delicious >(predicate adjective) = explain the subject (noodle) ·         the noodle = noun phrase
My favorite activities are shopping andtraveling. (Aktivitas favoritku adalah belanja dan jalan-jalan.)	·         shopping, traveling (gerund) = explain the subject (activity) ·         my favorite activity = noun phrase
His dream is to win a cooking contest. (Impiannya adalah menang kontes masak.)	·         to win a cooking contest (infinitive) = explain the subject (dream) ·         his dream = noun phrase

Verb Complement

Verb complement is a direct object (DO)  or indirect object (IO) from  action verb. Such objects can be a noun, pronoun, or other construction that acted like noun, seperti: gerund, infinitive, and noun clause.

Verb Complement Example	Direct Object	Indirect Object
My boss paid me two thousand dollars. (Bosku membayarku dua ribu dollar.)	noun phrase	pronoun
I love swimming. (Aku suka berenang.)	gerund	–
She wanted to go. (Dia ingin pergi.)	infinitive	–
He discovered that creating a website is quite easy. (Dia mendapati bahwa membuat sebuah website cukup mudah.)	noun clause	–

Modifier

Modifier is a word, phrase, or clause which serves as a adjectiveor adverb which explains another word or group of words.

As Adjective and Adverb when functioning as adjective (can be simple adjective, adjective phrase, adjective clause, participle, or infinitive), modifier explains the noun. Meanwhile, when it serves as a adverb (can be simple adverb, adverb phrase, adverb clause, prepositional phrase,infinitive), this word explain verb,adjective, or other adverb.

Modifier as Adjective and Adverb:

Construction	Modifier Sentences	Information
Participial phrase	She found a letter put on my bag.	Participial phrase (put on my bag) serve as adjective which explain  letter(noun). Whole “a letter put on my bag” is noun phrase.
Adverb Phrase	She swims so beautifully. (Dia berenang dengan sangat cantik.)	Adverb phrase explain swims (verb). As for adverb phrase can be adverb+qualifier, prepositional phrase, or infinitive phrase.
Adjective Clause	The book that he has read is very interesting. (Buku yang dia telah baca sangat menarik.)	Adjective clause explain the book (noun).
Adverb Clause	When you went to the grocery, he came. (Ketika kamu pergi ke toko bahan makanan, dia datang.)	Adverb clause answer the question: “When did he come?”

Modifier Placement Problems

Problems placement (placement) are as follows:

Explaination	Modifier Sentences
Dangling Modifier
Dangling modifier ditempatkan pada suatu kalimat namun tidak menerangkan suatu bagian yang muncul setelahnya.	After eating on the street, her stomach usually hurts. (Setelah makan di jalanan, perutnya biasanya sakit.) [Siapa yang makan di jalanan?perutnya?]
Misplaced Modifier
Misplaced menempati posisi yang salah di dalam suatu kalimat.	I stored the fresh milk to my friend in the bottle. (Saya menyimpan susu segar untuk “teman saya di dalam botol”.)
Squinting Modifier
Squinting diletakkan diantara dua kata, phrase, atau clause, dimana dia dapat menerangkan salah satu dari keduanya sehingga kalimat menjadi ambigu.	He told yesterday he changed the oil in his car. (Dia mengatakan kemarin dia mengganti oli mobilnya.) [mengatakan kemarin atau mengganti oli-nya yang kemarin?]

Source: www.wordsmile.com (already translated)